Metallica Short Biography

Metallica is a band that emerged in the early 1980s underground scene that grew into a giant mainstream rock band. With album sales reaching 57 million units in the U.S. and 35 million units outside the U.S., they occupy 18 th position as one of the biggest album sellers artists enrolled in the Recording Industry Association of America.Metallica formed in California in 1981 by drummer Lars Ulrich and guitarist / vocalist James Hetfield. bassist Ron and dinyusuli McGovny then joined Dave Mustaine. McGovney go after a conflict with Mustaine and Cliff Burton changed his position. Mustaine's aggressive nature and often have problems with drugs and alcohol cause he was fired by Ulrich and Hetfield. His position was filled Kirk Hammet, a student of Joe Satriani. Mustaine then form Megadeth.

The band gets its name when Ulrich invited to promoter metal of San Francisco, Ron Quintana, to help choose a name from the list to be the name of his new magazine. The list contained the name Metallica. Ulrich suggests mejalah Metal Mania for Quintana and choose the new Metallica for the band he forms.

Along with Megadeth, Slayer and Anthrax, Metallica is one of four leaders in the 1980s thrash metal.

The first album Kill 'Em All was released in 1983 via Megaforce. The first album is an example of Metallica sound basis for the 1980s era with distinctive vocals and heavy rhythm of Hetfield.

In 1984 they menndatangani contract with Elektra Records and released Master of Puppets, the album is regarded as the best album Metallica fans. Source: iskandardz.co.cc

Mahjong Game History

'Mahjong' is a Chinese word that interprets ‘clattering sparrow’, ‘flax sparrow’ or perhaps ‘hemp bird’. This is due to the fact that tiles when mixed up make a musical noise suggestive of the noise several sparrows squabbling over the strewn food crumbs make. It was in this very century that west got a glance of Mahjong, when it was launched in the international colony of Shanghai and after that in Japan, USA and lastly Europe. When Mahjong game was established in west, it was asserted that its origins were cloaked in the mists of time. But most of the facts points that the game was developed in late 1800’s in the Ningpo area of China.

There is a diversified range of mahjong games that uses pretty parallel basic rules, but different scoring and different plans, special hands and tile combinations. Although the game Mahjong as it is normally played today can be traced back only to the end of the previous century, the line of games that progressed to Mahjong is long and extensive. From around 800 AD card games were played which bear a resemblance to the way Mahjong is played. The cards used in these games looked a lot like the money used in those days.

Lately large number of people understood the kind of intellectual challenge Mahjong poses as well as the attractiveness and enthusiasm of the game. This resulted in evolving abundant clubs of Mahjong fans and a whole philosophic system ofMahjong representation is now shaped up. Now, Mahjong is also frequently called a solitaire game due to their resemblance.

Mahjong Varieties

The original mahjong game is a board game for four players rather similar to the card game "Gin Rummy", but played with tiles in its place of cards. There are at least 26 acknowledged arrays of mahjong: with the six major varieties being:

·         Alan's Zung Jung

·         American Classical

·         American Modern

·         Australian

·         British Official

·         Canada Mahjong

·         Chinese Classical

·         Chinese New Style

·         Chinese Official

·         Chinese Transitional

·         Dutch League Rules

·         European Classical (same as European Contemporary in 4 winds 1.0)

·         French

·         German

·         Hong Kong

·         Internet Mahjong Server

·         Italian Official

·         Japanese Classical

·         Japanese Transitional

·         Riichi Competition Rules

·         Korean Style

·         Mahjong Masters Million

·         Taiwanese 16-Tile Mah Jong

·         Wilmington Advanced 12-Tile

·         WMPA Rules

·         Novice  

Source : mahjongtime.com

Chess History

Chess is not just a game for fun or to spend time like a snake ladder. Nor was it merely a tool to develop the power of analysis and logic like chess sudoku occurs because in a dynamic resistance. Not only that, but in chess there is a strategy how to move troops consisting of 8 pieces, 6 officers (2 horses, 2 elephants, 2 Castle), 1 Minister and 1 Kings 64 by utilizing the square box (8 × 8 square box) to obtained a victory in the specified time limits. Chess game time varies according to the form of the game. There is every player is given a time limit 5 minutes, 10 minutes, 15 minutes, 20 minutes, 30 minutes, 60 minutes to play army. If a player runs out of time so he was declared lost even in a superior position on a chessboard. Time is part of the game of chess. Every player should be able to utilize the best possible time to think in drafting the plan, analyze and predict what the target of the opponent. In the limited time that the various possibilities can occur above 64 boxes chessboard. This became the basis for chess motto in Latin: Omnia fert Aetas (meaning Time Takes Everything).

Chess originated from the word Chaturangga (Sanskrta: caturaṅga ), a game in recorded history has developed since the 6th century but is believed to have evolved long before BC, based on the story of Sri Krishna playing chessboard with Radha. Chaturanga became the basis of the formation of a chess game that we play now. The fundamental difference is the location of the King who were not exposed as in modern chess.

Chaturangga later better known as chatrang. Chatrang words absorbed into shatranj in Persian. Shatranj absorbed into ajedrez in Spanish, xadrez in Portuguese. While absorbing it directly from the Greek word into zatrikion chatrang. Indonesia used the word which is short for chess chaturangga said. The word in English chess comes from the word shah (Persian language which means king), which is spoken by the players when giving a direct attack on the opponent King. In modern chess, the players would say check when doing a direct attack on the opponent's king. In Indonesia often heard the word 'skak' (to check) and 'skakmat' (to checkmate).

Strategy game of chess is divided into 3 parts; opening, middle, and closure. Every part is important. Without opening that good then a player can not develop the movement of troops, rather than attacking it lasted throughout the game until the submission of an unbearable pressure. The opening is the starting point of momentum, one in opening the defeat has been published since the beginning. The middle part is filled with movements that have a purpose more than one direction. This would be done if the opponent, a player must be able to see the possibilities the intended direction of a movement if you do not want to miss a chance to win. Pawn sacrifice, officers and even the Minister is required to obtain the desired position for the closure part is easy. Closure is the section where the final destination for the deadly King opponents realized. This section also requires skill to move troops remaining in the limited time ..

The ability to place troops in a chess lesson requires three sections (opening, middle, closing) and the experience of competing in large quantities. A skilled chess player strategy game that is beautiful in the middle and closure. The victory was achieved beautifully.

If you have not understood how to play chess, you can learn from chess books, chess school, and the Internet. For any internet chess school paid (www.chessmasterschool.com) and also free (www.academicchess.org). As for you who already know how to play chess, can join the free online tournaments at www.chessjam.com behadapan with various players from around the world. To develop strategies and tactics in playing chess are also available a site www.chesstempo.com.

In the world of professional chess there is code called ELO rating is calculated with a specific formula (made by FIDE, the international chess organization). The higher the ELO rating of a player indicates the higher ability of the chess players. ELO rating was never fixed (unless the players have resigned or died) because of constantly changing due to the end of each game. More and more games are won by the higher ELO rating of the player.

 Chess is a tool to develop skills in systems thinking, analysis, logic and strategy. Chess is also a tool to develop the ability to control fear, anxiety, tension (stress) and anger. Chess is also a tool to develop the ability to utilize space and time. Chess is also a tool to develop the ability to be patient and focus in the process of realizing a goal.

Besides played by the general public, chess played by the army of high-level soldiers to officers, successful entrepreneurs, and of course, professional chess scene. Chess also become a benchmark of intelligence of the nation. World Chess Champion title up for grabs with an enormous gift.

Benjamin Franklin said that chess is a game that becomes a tool to shape the human character. It is written in an article entitled "On the Morals of Chess".

In the academic world, chess helps children to have self-confidence, learn to solve problems, build discipline, improved concentration, learning strategies, develop critical thinking skills, the ability to utilize space and time, recognize patterns of events, improve communication skills, improve memory , develop the ability to analyze and criticize yourself courage in the form of evaluation. Source: arkand.com

Athletics History

Athletics was the original event of the first Olympics in 776 BC where the only event is a race or "stade There are several" Games "held during the era of European classical:

•    Panhellenik Games:

·         The Pythian Games (founded 527 BC) held in Delphi every four years.

·         The Nemean Games (516 BC) held in Argolid every two years.

·         The Isthmian Games (523 BC) held at the Isthmus of Corinth every two years.

•    The Roman Games - Arising from purely Greek roots, the Roman Games deemphasized running and throwing. Rather than train a horse race and wrestle like the Greek, Etruscan sports wear galiatoral battle, who were both wearing nuga stage.

Other peoples enjoyed athletic contests, such as the Celts, Teutons and Goths who succeeded the Romans. However, sports are often associated with combat training. In medieval times the son of a nobleman will be trained in running, fighting and wrestling, and additional riding, archery and weapons training. Contests between rivals and friends are very common on both official and unofficial.

In the 19th century the formal organization of the modern events started. This includes regular sports and exercise into school regimes. Royal Military College at Sandhurst has claimed to use it first in 1812 and 1825 but without any supporting evidence. The oldest meeting was held in Shrewsbury, Shropshire in 1840 by the Royal Shrewsbury School Hunt. There are details of the meeting in a series of letters written 60 years later by CT Robinson who was a pupil there from 1838 until 1841. Royal Military Academy at Woolwich held an organized competition in 1849, but the first regular series of meetings was held at Exeter College, Oxford from 1850.

Modern athletic events are usually organized around a 400m running track on which almost all the events take place. Field events (jumping and throwing) is normally used in place of the track. Athletics was included in the modern Olympics in 1896 and formed the foundations Women were first allowed to participate in track and field events in the Olympics in 1928. An international governing body, the IAAF was founded in 1912. The IAAF established separate outdoor World Championships in 1983. There are some regional games such as the European Championships, the Pan-American Games and Commonwealth Games. In addition there is a professional Golden League circuit, cumulating in the IAAF World Athletics Final and indoor championships such as the World Indoor Championships. The sport has a high profile during major championships, especially the Olympics, but otherwise is less popular.

AAU (Amateur Athletic Union) is the governing body in the United States until it collapsed under pressure from advancing professionalism in the late 1970s. A new body called The Athletic Congress (TAC) was formed, and eventually was named USA Track and Field (USATF or USA T & F). An additional, structural organization with a smaller, Road Runners Club of America (RRCA) also exists in the USA to promote road racing. In modern times, athletes can now receive money from the race, ending called "amateurism" that existed before.

Indoor track and Field

There are two seasons in track and field. There are indoor season, during winter and an outdoor season, run during the spring and summer. Most indoor track is 200 meters and consists of four or six lanes. Often an indoor track will have banked to compensate for the tight bends. In indoor track meet athletes contest the same track events at the outdoor with the exception to run 100m and 110/100m hurdles (replaced by 60 m and 60 m sprint hurdles at most levels and sometimes the 55m sprint and 55m hurdles at the high school level) and run 10 000 m, a brisk walk 300m, and 400m hurdles. Indoor meets also have an additional 3,000 m run normally at the collegiate and elite level instead of the 10,000. 5.000m marathon is an event run by far the most common, although there are situations where longer distances have been raced. In the mid 20th century, there was a series race duel at Madison Square Garden (New York), indoor track, some of which featured two men racing a marathon (26.2 miles). However, this is very rare. In certain circumstances, there is also a 500m race than 400 m normally found outdoors, and on-campus championship indoors both are contested.

In field events, indoor meets only feature the high jump, pole vault, long jump, triple jump and shot put. Sheet javelin, throwing a ball of iron and reject bullets are added only for outdoor meets, there is normally not enough space in an indoor stadium in the competition. Events unique to indoor meets (especially in North America) is there any heavy weight throw 300, 600, 1000 and 35 pounds. In some countries, notably Norway, standing long jump and standing high jump are also contested, even in the National Championships for multi-event athletes there is the Pentathlon for women (ie, 60m hurdles, long jump, starting and 800m) and heptathlon for men (ie 60m hurdles, long jump, starting cartridges, 60m run, pole vault and 1000m run) indoors. For any outdoor heptathlon for women and the decathlon for men. Source :  efransss